PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY

• CHANGES IN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM,

1- UTERUS

There is many changes occur during pregnancy in the uterus such as in non-pregnant uterus weight is 50 grams and it increases in1000 gram till the term of labour. The capacity of uterus increase to accommodate the fetus, placenta, the umbilical cord, and the amniotic fluid. the normal value of amniotic fluid is 500 to 1000ml, the changes of uterus change from elongated to oval shape by the second month of pregnancy. and the by the midgestation it changes to round shape. then it’s shape change back through oval to elongated at term. the length of uterus increase from7.5cm to 35 cm, breadth 22.5cm, and thickness 20 cm. muscle of uterus undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy. muscle fibre of the uterus stretches during pregnancy. the isthmus of uterus changes to lower uterine segment after 12 weeks of pregnancy. in the last trimester of pregnancy, it dilate to deliver the baby.the cervix of uterus changes occur during pregnancy. The cervix undergoes a marked softening which is called as GOODell’s sign.

2-CHANGES IN VAGINA DURING PREGNANCY

During pregnancy blood circulation increase in the vagina so that changes the vagina colour from light pink to purple which is known as “Chadwick’s sign.

3-CHANGES IN OVARIES

When conception occur anterior pituitary gland stop the secreation of follicle-stimulating hormone and prevent ovulation and menstruation.after release of graffian follicle .the remaining part is called corpus luteum which produce progesterone to maintain the lining of the endometrium and maintain pregnancy.corpus luteum produce progesterone till 12 weeks of gestation.till the placenta is capable to producing adequate amount of progesterone and estrogen to maintain pregnancy till term.

4- CHANGES IN FALLOPIAN TUBES

The fallopian tube become vascular and hypertrophy

5-WEIGHT GAIN DURING PREGNANCY

A pregnant woman till term gain around 12 kg of weight. Weight of fetus – 3.3 kg (weigh of fetus depend upon nutrition of the mother)

Weight of uterus- 0.9 kg (the weight of uterus increases from 50 gms to 1000gms)

Weight of placenta- 0.6 kg (the normal placenta weight is one sixth of baby weight at term)

Weight of liquor-0.8kg ( the normal amniotic fluid volume is 500 to 1000 ml)

Weight of breast-0.4 kg

Blood valume increase – 1.3kg

Increase extracellular fluid -1.2kg

Fat and protein accumulation -3.5kg

CHANGES OCCUR IN BREAST

Increase weight of breast around 0.4 kg.montogomerys tubercle appear.secondary areola appear around primary ariola

CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY

Heart size increases about 12%.cardiac capacity increases 70-80 ml.systolic blood pressure slight change or shame , diastolic blood pressure reduced to 5 to 10 mmof Hg in 12 to 26 weeks and it comes to prepregnancy level after 36 weeks.

CHANGES IN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Each kidney length increase 1-1.5cm.

In respiration rate there is no change occur during pregnancy but amount of air exhaled per minute increase from 7 to 11 litres. Increase vascularity of nose so woman suffer from nasal conjestion.

CHANGES IN URINARY SYSTEM DURING PREGNANCY

Each kidneys increases in length by 1 – 1.5cm

Ureter elongate , widen and curved

Glomerular filteration rate increases 50 %

Renal plasma flow rate increase 25- 50 %

Vascularity of bladder increases

GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

More saliva is produced during pregnancy and the saliva is very acidic so there is chance of tooth decay. The mother feel morning sickness means vomiting and poor appetite.mother feel heart burn in pregnancy.

SKIN CHANGES

LINEA NIGRA- a dark line runs from the umbilicus to the symphysis pubis and may extend as high as the sternum is called Linea Nigra

CHLOASMA

It is brownish hyperpigmentation of the skin. Over the face and forehead .it affect half of theall pregnant woman.

STRIAE GRAVIDARUM

Stretch marks on abdomen , thigh, and breast

SKELETAL CHANGES

The hermone in pregnancy such as oestrogen makes pelvic joint moveable and progesterone makes pelvic weaken the pelvic ligament and relaxin help in relaxation of pelvic joint.

CHANGES IN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Follicle-stimulating hormone inhibit during pregnancy. syncytotrophoblast secrete human chorionic gonadotropin, placenta secretes human placental lactogen.

PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY

Stress, anxiety, and physical discomfort in the first triemester pregnancy.

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